Temperature and salinity vertical profiles (CTD) data in the Ría de Vigo and adjacent shelf collected in the Radiales program, 1987-2020.

The Galician rías and their adjacent continental shelf form part of the northern boundary of the Canary Current upwelling system (CanCUS), one of the world's major eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems (EBUEs). During summer, prevailing northerly winds export surface water offshore, allowing deeper, cooler, nutrient-rich water to rise, creating a fertilizing effect on coastal waters that support valuable fisheries and aquaculture economy. This data article describes a time series of hydrographic data collected on a biweekly to monthly frequency from August 1987 to September 2020 in the interior of the Ría de Vigo (one of the aforementioned Galician rías) and its adjacent shelf. This monitoring effort results in the longest sampling series in the area up to 2020, providing high value for understanding the connectivity processes between the coastal embayment and the adjacent shelf, changes in ocean climate, as well as ecosystem structure and functioning. Data were collected with vertical pressure, temperature and conductivity profilers, varying the profiler instrument over time (MARK III, SBE 9 Plus, SBE 19, SBE 25). Data were collected at four stations with depths ranging from 29 m to 148 m, although only two of these stations cover the full temporal range of the monitoring program. Due to the temporal extent of the sampling, the data have been processed with different techniques and by different technicians throughout the duration of the monitoring program. To ensure data consistency and increase data reusability, all data have been now reprocessed under the same criteria, quality-controlled, and unified in this dataset. The dataset in both MedAtlas SeaDataNet ASCII and CF-compliant netcdf formats are available via SEANOE repository at: https://www.seanoe.org/data/00828/94008/.

Understanding the impact of along-transect resolution on acoustic surveys.

Resolution can be defined as the minimum distance between two consecutive sampling points taken by an instrument. In acoustic surveys, the main parameter determining the resolution of sampling along a transect is the distance between successive echosounder transmissions or "pings". An increase in either the time interval between pings or the speed of the vessel increases the inter-ping distance, hence decreasing the effective sampling resolution. This study investigated whether a loss in along-transect resolution affects the mean backscattered acoustic energy, leading to uncertainty and/or bias in abundance estimates. To this end, a real acoustic survey was echo-integrated, followed by the application of a systematic resampling scheme to simulate a decrease in pinging resolution. For each transect, the mean backscattered acoustic energy calculated at each resolution was compared with that at the original resolution. Transects were characterised according to their heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation to investigate their effect on the relationship between abundance error and sampling resolution. Uncertainty was seen to increase with decreasing resolution, with higher heterogeneity and lower spatial autocorrelation accelerating the rise in imprecision. Although the mean bias across replicates was zero, the asymmetry of the bias distributions increased with decreasing resolution, leading to an increasing probability and magnitude of underestimation ( https://aztigps.shinyapps.io/PingRateStudio/ ).

Temperature and salinity trends in the northern limit of the Canary Current Upwelling System.

Thermohaline time series are crucial for detecting and quantifying abiotic changes in the marine environment, and even more so in the present global change scenario. This is particularly relevant for the Ría the Vigo and its adjacent shelf, a highly productive ecosystem at the northern limit of the Canary Current Upwelling System (CanCUS). This study analyses a 34-year time series (1987-2020) of Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) casts, the longest series available to date in the region. Long-term trends, shifts, and seasonal variability of temperature and salinity were assessed and investigated in relation to regional meteorological variability and basin-scale atmospheric teleconnection indices. Generalized Additive Models (GAM) allowed us to determine that monthly thermohaline variability can be largely explained by regional meteo-climatic variability, mainly upwelling index and river discharge. Trends and shifts in some teleconnection patterns, especially the East Atlantic (EA) pattern, may also be related to both the shift in salinity in 2013 and its long-term decrease below 50 m depth. Despite the current global warming context, no statistically significant trend was observed for either the upwelling index or temperature. The spatial analysis of sea surface temperature trends suggests that our study area has been responding to climate change differently from other surrounding near-shore areas, as the Finisterre Cape or the southern Bay of Biscay. Overall, this study highlights the importance of long-term observations to elucidate the impact of climate change in the northern limit of the CanCUS and encourages caution when extrapolating conclusions from ecosystem studies on a regional scale.

The niche of a stress-tolerant specialist, Dinophysis acuminata, in a coastal upwelling system.

Dinophysis acuminata, the main cause of shellfish harvesting bans in Europe, blooms in the Galician Rías (NW Spain) throughout the upwelling season (ca. March to September). Here we illustrate rapid changes in vertical and across ría-shelf distributions of diatoms and dinoflagellates (including D. acuminata vegetative and small cells) in Ría de Pontevedra (RP) and Ría de Vigo (RV) during transitions from spin-down to spin-up phases of upwelling cycles. A subniche approach based on a Within Outlying Mean Index (WitOMI) showed that under the transient environmental conditions met during the cruise, both vegetative and small cells of D. acuminata colonized the Ria and Mid-shelf subniches, exhibiting good tolerance and extremely high marginality, in particular the small cells. Bottom-up (abiotic) control overwhelmed biological constraints, and shelf waters became a more favourable environment than the Rías. Contrasting higher biotic constraints inside the Rías were found for the small cells, with a subniche possibly controlled by unsuitable physiological status (notwithstanding the higher density) of the vegetative cell population. Results here on behaviour (vertical positioning) and physiological traits (high tolerance but very specialized niche) of D. acuminata give new insights into the ability of this species to remain in the upwelling circulation system. Higher shelf-ría exchanges in the Ría (RP) with more dense and persistent D. acuminata blooms reveal the relevance of transient event-scales and species- and site-specific characteristics to the fate of these blooms. Earlier statements about simple linear relationships between average upwelling intensities and the recurrence of Harmful algae bloom (HAB) events in the Galician Rías Baixas are questioned.

ALS2-related disorders in Spanish children.

ALS2 gene encoding for alsin protein is responsible for neurological disorders due to retrograde degeneration of the upper motor neurons of the pyramidal tracts, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, and displaying a clinical continuum including the infantile ascending hereditary spastic paraplegiaidentified in three Spanish children presented here.

Epormenis cestri secretions in Sebastiania schottiana trees cause mass death of honey bee Apis mellifera larvae in Uruguay.

For more than 60 years, sporadic cases of massive summer honey bee larvae mortality in colonies located near freshwater systems with abundant riparian vegetation have been reported in Uruguay. This odd phenomenon, known as "River disease" by beekeepers, can lead to colony death by depopulation. The aim of this study was to detect the causes of larvae death. Different experiments and analyses were performed using affected apiaries located between two important water courses. 1 day old larvae were the most susceptible and substances that killed the larvae were present in the nectar but not in the pollen. A palynological analysis of nectar samples showed that bees collect this resource from commonly pollinated floral species in the country. However, abundant fungi spores and conidia were found, which indicates that the bees also collected honeydews. In the riparian vegetation, bees were observed collecting the secretions of the planthopper Epormenis cestri on Sebastiania schottiana trees. It was found that the mortality period of larvae overlaps with the presence of E. cestri. Larvae maintained in the laboratory were fed (i) nectar from healthy colonies, (ii) nectar from affected colonies, and (iii) secretions of E. cestri. The mortality of the larvae that received nectar from colonies affected with River disease and secretions of E. cestri was higher than the mortality of those receiving nectar from healthy colonies. This represents the first report of planthopper honeydew causing mass larval mortality in honey bees.

In Vivo Single-Cell Fluorescence and Size Scaling of Phytoplankton Chlorophyll Content.

In unicellular phytoplankton, the size scaling exponent of chlorophyll content per cell decreases with increasing light limitation. Empirical studies have explored this allometry by combining data from several species, using average values of pigment content and cell size for each species. The resulting allometry thus includes phylogenetic and size scaling effects. The possibility of measuring single-cell fluorescence with imaging-in-flow cytometry devices allows the study of the size scaling of chlorophyll content at both the inter- and intraspecific levels. In this work, the changing allometry of chlorophyll content was estimated for the first time for single phytoplankton populations by using data from a series of incubations with monocultures exposed to different light levels. Interspecifically, our experiments confirm previous modeling and experimental results of increasing size scaling exponents with increasing irradiance. A similar pattern was observed intraspecifically but with a larger variability in size scaling exponents. Our results show that size-based processes and geometrical approaches explain variations in chlorophyll content. We also show that the single-cell fluorescence measurements provided by imaging-in-flow devices can be applied to field samples to understand the changes in the size dependence of chlorophyll content in response to environmental variables affecting primary production.IMPORTANCE The chlorophyll concentrations in phytoplankton register physiological adjustments in cellular pigmentation arising mainly from changes in light conditions. The extent of these adjustments is constrained by the size of the phytoplankton cells, even within single populations. Hence, variations in community chlorophyll derived from photoacclimation are also dependent on the phytoplankton size distribution.

More, smaller bacteria in response to ocean's warming?

Heterotrophic bacteria play a major role in organic matter cycling in the ocean. Although the high abundances and relatively fast growth rates of coastal surface bacterioplankton make them suitable sentinels of global change, past analyses have largely overlooked this functional group. Here, time series analysis of a decade of monthly observations in temperate Atlantic coastal waters revealed strong seasonal patterns in the abundance, size and biomass of the ubiquitous flow-cytometric groups of low (LNA) and high nucleic acid (HNA) content bacteria. Over this relatively short period, we also found that bacterioplankton cells were significantly smaller, a trend that is consistent with the hypothesized temperature-driven decrease in body size. Although decadal cell shrinking was observed for both groups, it was only LNA cells that were strongly coherent, with ecological theories linking temperature, abundance and individual size on both the seasonal and interannual scale. We explain this finding because, relative to their HNA counterparts, marine LNA bacteria are less diverse, dominated by members of the SAR11 clade. Temperature manipulation experiments in 2012 confirmed a direct effect of warming on bacterial size. Concurrent with rising temperatures in spring, significant decadal trends of increasing standing stocks (3% per year) accompanied by decreasing mean cell size (-1% per year) suggest a major shift in community structure, with a larger contribution of LNA bacteria to total biomass. The increasing prevalence of these typically oligotrophic taxa may severely impact marine food webs and carbon fluxes by an overall decrease in the efficiency of the biological pump.

Multiclass support vector machines with example-dependent costs applied to plankton biomass estimation.

In many applications, the mistakes made by an automatic classifier are not equal, they have different costs. These problems may be solved using a cost-sensitive learning approach. The main idea is not to minimize the number of errors, but the total cost produced by such mistakes. This brief presents a new multiclass cost-sensitive algorithm, in which each example has attached its corresponding misclassification cost. Our proposal is theoretically well-founded and is designed to optimize cost-sensitive loss functions. This research was motivated by a real-world problem, the biomass estimation of several plankton taxonomic groups. In this particular application, our method improves the performance of traditional multiclass classification approaches that optimize the accuracy.

Resistencias genotípicas a los fármacos antirretrovirales en fracasos terapéuticos con pautas de alta eficacia / Genotypic resistance to antiretroviral drugs in patients with therapeutic failure to highly active antiretroviral therapy

Fundamento: Caracterizar las mutaciones asociadas con resistencia en fracasos virológicos con tratamientos antirretrovirales de gran actividad (TARGA). Métodos: Estudio genotípico de la transcriptasa inversa y de la proteasa del VIH-1 en 33 pacientes con fracaso virológico, pese al buen cumplimiento del tratamiento. Resultados: Se detectaron mutaciones en 32 de los 33 pacientes. En 27 (81,8 por ciento) se trataba de mutaciones primarias: en el gen de la transcriptasa inversa en 26 (78,8 por ciento) y en el de la proteasa en 20 (60,6 por ciento). El 66,6 por ciento presentaba resistencias a dos fármacos y el 60,6 por ciento resistencias a fármacos de los dos principales grupos terapéuticos. En el momento del fracaso, el 72,7 por ciento de los pacientes recibía al menos un fármaco frente al que se identificaron genotipos resistentes; el 48,5 por ciento, dos fármacos, y el 21,2 por ciento, tres fármacos. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes que fracasan pese al buen cumplimiento del tratamiento con TARGA presen (AU)